Corneal transplantation becomes necessary when the cornea is irreparably damaged and cannot be treated by conventional methods. Common reasons for corneal transplantation include corneal damage due to injuries or infections, structural changes like in keratoconus, and diseases affecting corneal transparency such as corneal degeneration. Transplantation is also considered when other treatments fail or the cornea is so severely damaged that it cannot effectively perform its functions.

Corneal transplantation is categorized into several types based on the case’s needs. The first type is full corneal transplantation, where the entire cornea is replaced with one from a donor. The second type is partial transplantation, involving the replacement of only specific corneal layers. Partial transplantation offers advantages such as a shorter recovery period and a lower risk of rejection. The type of transplantation is chosen based on several factors, including the cornea’s condition and underlying diseases.

Preparing for corneal transplantation involves several steps, starting with a comprehensive eye health assessment. This assessment is conducted to determine the extent of corneal damage and whether transplantation is the best option. The assessment includes detailed corneal examinations and vision tests. Additionally, the doctor discusses with the patient the expectations and potential risks of the procedure, and the patient is required to undergo blood tests and refrain from taking certain medications that might affect the surgery.

The success of corneal transplantation is measured by several criteria, such as improved vision, healing without complications, and the absence of rejection of the transplanted cornea. Success rates depend on various factors, including the health of the recipient cornea, the surgeon’s skill, and the post-operative care followed. Vision can significantly improve after transplantation, but some challenges such as the need for glasses or lenses for vision correction may arise.